Neurophysiological and Evolutionary Theories of Learning Essay

In the study of learning, learning theories are categorized into paradigms or schools of thought based on viewpoints shared by scientists that provide a framework for research. Three of the major paradigms of learning theories include the cognitive paradigm, the neurophysiological paradigm and the evolutionary paradigm. The first paradigm is referred to as cognitive because theorists place their emphasis on the cognitive nature of learning. According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), the second paradigm is called neurophysiological because it attempts to isolate the mental and physiological correlates of things such as learning, perception, thinking and intelligence. The third paradigm is termed evolutionary because theorists attempt to explain learning processes based on an organism’s evolutionary history. DiscussionThere are several theorists whose ideas are predominately cognitive. Theses theorists include the Gestalt psychologists Kurt Lewin and Kurt Koffka, as well as Jean Piaget, Edward Chace Tolman, and Albert Bandura. Wertheimer, Kohler and Lewin were founders of the Gestalt movement. According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), Gestalt theorists believed that â€Å"we experience the world in meaningful wholes and do not see isolated stimuli but stimuli gathered together into meaningful configurations† (p. 264). Kurt Lewin proposed a field theory of human motivation. He believed that behavior and cognitive processes are determined by various psychological facts that a person is consciously experiencing. The psychological facts are interdependent and any change in one can affect all the others, therefore influencing our behavior. Kurt Koffka, another Gestaltist falling under the cognitive paradigm defined the law of Pragnanz in Gestalt Theory. The law of Pragnanz states that, â€Å"all mental events tend toward completeness, simplicity, and meaningfulness† (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005, p. 473). Followers of Gestalt theory used this law as a guiding principle when studying learning. Another cognitive theorist was Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget contributed several theories including intelligence, schemata, assimilation and accommodation, and interiorization. According to his theory of intelligence, â€Å"intelligence  is any act that creates optimal conditions for the organism’s survival under the existing circumstances† (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005 p. 295). Intelligence effects how one adapts to the ever-changing environment. In Piaget’s schemata theory a person’s schema is a cognitive structure that allows a person to act and respond to the environment. A schema can be either overt or covert behavior. The theory of assimilation explains how a person can respond to the environment using existing cognitive structures. The theory of accommodation explains how an organism adapts to the environment by modifying cognitive structures. Piaget’s concept of interiorization is described by Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) as â€Å"the gradual decreased dependence on the physical environment and the increased utilization of cognitive structures† (p. 299). Through this process, organisms can respond to more complex situations by thinking about them. Edward Chace Tolman’s ideas were also predominately cognitive. He believed that organisms develop a mental picture of the environment which he referred to as a cognitive map. The cognitive map develops when mental expectations are confirmed by experience. When an organism is faced with a problem, it utilizes the cognitive map and chooses the best solution requiring the least amount of work according to Tolman’s principle of least effort that will result in satisfaction. Albert Bandura, another cognitive theorist suggested that behavior is learned through observation. He theorized that learning is influenced by four processes. The first process, the attentional process, involves the observer attending to the model. The second process is called the retentional process. This process involves the observer retaining the information gained from the observation by storing it cognitively. The third process is the behavioral production process which requires the learner to have the physical capabilities or behavioral abilities to perform what is learned. The final process, the motivational process provides incentives that motivate the learner to actually perform what has been learned. Bandura also theorized that people’s behavior is also determined by reciprocal determinism. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) summarize Bandura’s concept of reciprocal determinism by stating that, â€Å"behavior, the environment, and  people (and their beliefs) all interact† (p. 349). Falling under the neurophysiological paradigm is the theorist Donald Olding Hebb. Some of his theories included that of restricted environments, enriched environments, cell assemblies, phase sequences, and sensory deprivation. In Hebb’s theory of restricted environments, Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), explain that if an environment lacks stimulation or experience, it can have a negative impact on the growth and development of nervous system. A restrictive environment can disrupt normal intellectual and perceptual development. In contrast, an enriched environment full of stimulation and experience can enhance development. Hebb also believed that â€Å"each environmental object we experience stimulates a complex pattern of neurons called cell assemblies† (Hergenhahn and Olson, 2005, p. 379). The cell assemblies provide the basis of a thought. When cell assemblies become interconnected they form phase sequences. Phase sequences allow us to have streams of thoughts. According to Hergenhahn and Olson (2005), â€Å"Hebb concluded in his theories that â€Å"not only is sensory information necessary for proper neurophysiological development, but it is also necessary for the maintenance of normal functioning† (p. 384). When an organisms experience sensory deprivation, severe cognitive disorientation, stress and fear can occur. Hebb believed that the environment had a direct effect on mental and physiological processes which influenced behavior and learning. The final paradigm is the evolutionary paradigm. Attempting to explain the learning process using evolutionary principles was the theorist Robert C. Bolles. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) state that Bolles believed that â€Å"learning involved the development of expectancies† (p. 425). Expectancies are when an organism learns that one event leads to another. Bolles believed that organisms had innate predispositions for behavior and that motivation restricts response flexibility. Hergenhahn and Olson (2005) explain that an organism’s natural reaction in a situation may make it difficult to learn a new response. Using the niche argument, â€Å"Bolles argued that an understanding of learning must be accompanied by an understanding of the evolutionary history of the organism† (Hergenhahn and Olson, (2005), p. 427). According this argument, organisms have to learn certain behaviors that they are  predispositioned for and not learn others depending on their niche and how they fit in the big picture. This can determine whether the organism is successful or not in adapting to its environment. Conclusion Although learning theorist in the various paradigms have attempted to explain learning and its processes, many questions are still unanswered. One of these questions is how does learning vary as a function of maturation? If learning occurs differently in different stages it would be beneficial to conduct research on how maturation affects the learning process. The information yielded from such research could be very beneficial in regards to education. Another unanswered question is how does learning vary as a function of species? If some organisms have the biological ability to learn certain behaviors and some do not, how can research involving different species be beneficial? If psychologists want to learn more about the learning process in humans, they should study humans rather than making generalizations across species. Other questions that remain unanswered involve learning and personality characteristics, learning as a function of the total environment, learning and associations, as well as learning and instinctive behavior. It is imperative that more research be conducted in an attempt to answer these questions about learning to give people a greater comprehension of learning. The more knowledge we have about the learning process and what affects it, the better we will be at making learning successful. References: Hergenhahn, B.R., & Olson, M. (2005). An Introduction to Theories of Learning. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.

Siblings Love

Darius Dualuqua 9/6/2012 Fundamentals of Writing 098-125 WHAT IT’S ABOUT? The articles discuss the lifestyles of young college students loving and enjoying the pros and cons that come with living on campus and collage social lifestyle. It heavily speaks about the amount of hookups that transpire between both sexes on college campuses. It speaks about something that has taken uprising since the mid-1960s and had since grown into a big scene and has come to dominate the social scene on college campuses. Some of the main idea would be how the consumptions of alcohol dismiss the fear of inhibition and also lead to a risky sexual behavior.SUPPORT/MAIN IDEA The author gives us a lot reason why hookups are so rampant on campuses and what’s fueling that drive. In the article the author state and give several reason from what causes the hookup to the sexual drive that one gets when intoxicated. First the author provides us with a time back when a lot of these mistakes started to happen, back in the mid-60s when huge amount of students began living on campuses same sexes living in close proximity and alcohol started being part of the mixture.The author also gives us details in paragraph 5 what are some of the benefits into college lifestyle hooking up. â€Å"There’s no string attached between partners, hooking up is not just about sex, it also a way for student to find relationship after an initial hookup† also in the 8 paragraph, the author speak about how alcohol was a huge influence on a lot of the hooking up. Furthermore give students a reason to be out of control and make poor decisions saying â€Å"I was drunk†.ANALYZE This article is very important not just only to college a young freshman who’s looking into moving on campus for the fun of the social lifestyle of school but also for parents who have their child on college campus and don’t have a clue to what’s happening on campus. This article give us details on how this have become a huge epidemic and how the alcohol and hooking up on college campuses lifestyle have come to dominate the social scene on a lot of school campuses.This article has a lot of facts and key point that raises a lot of eyebrows on the college lifestyle that a lot of parents don’t get to see. However, the author give is some ideas in paragraph 13 that might be meaningful and helpful to solving this epidemic that has been going on for decades, however if this have been going on for so long, when will the administrators of our school system start to find an solution to these problems. I guess only time will tell. It will either get worst or someone will continue to write about the hookups and sexual assaults that are being fueled by the alcohol.

Fall in and Who’s for the game? Essay

These two examples of poems are typical of the war propaganda of the period, they are propaganda posters to make normal people get up, tell their friends and to join the army, navy or RAF. They try to embarrass people who like to be masculine and question their masculinity; this makes them prove to people that they are a man so they go to fight in the war. The poem teases unmasculine men and tries to make them feel bad for not going to fight. Harold Begbie exclaims that all the MEN who fight in the war will be praised in the street, women will love them (which is not true if they are severely handicapped), everyone will ignore you if you don’t go and everyone who does will be heroes. Men hate getting ignored by women therefore they will want to join up Jessie Pope’s idea of a game makes the reader feel as if war is a football ball match or a great sporting event. Going with the LADS makes it feel like there is comradery and a good time to be had with cool people, there’s no mention of any death, killing people, blood or any other gruesome details, it only says you may get a broken leg which will appeal to men who want to look macho and as if they’ve been fighting, it will make them look tough and brave. SONNY is used to patronise the reader, to make him feel unworthy of being a big strong man but more like a little boy who’s just a bit of a joke. SONNY is used to make a man try to prove himself and go join up. The author creates a feeling of everyone else will be talking of the war and become popular but you will be ashamed because you did not go and you will try and avoid everyone so they wont know. Normal people rushed out to beat the foe which means they left with no hesitation or worries and knew they’d be back anyway really quickly. The author says when you are old you will tell your children and grandchildren of exiting war stories and adventures. But if you’re too much of coward not to join even your children and grandchildren will be ashamed and embarrassed. The painting on the front shows a woman guiding a young man to where he should be going, the old lady wants the young man to fight as she’s to old but its his duty, it feels like the lady is pressuring the man to join up, he doesn’t want to see the look of disappointment on her face if he says no. The effects of these poems is that people get mislead into believing the war will be over really quickly, you’ll get good pay, really nice uniforms, travel all over the world, meet nice people. If you don’t go then your great country will be taken over by horrible people and everything will be ruined. Harold Begbie’s language is extremely persuasive in his poem called â€Å"Fall In†, in it keeps repeating direct and rhetorical question like Where?, What?, How? Why? When? and, Will you†¦? The author also uses religion to scare people into thinking that they will be upsetting God by not fighting in the war. He tries to make you seem uncaring when he writes â€Å"And right is smashed by wrong?† He imagines you only caring about football, cinema, the pub and the betting shop as if you only think about yourself. Jessie Pope’s language is also just as persuasive. The poem she writes is called â€Å"Who’s for the game?† in her poem she also repeats direct and rhetorical questions. She uses Who? as in who’ll do this? and who’ll do that? The who’s refer to you. The use of who in most of her poem is very repetitive and therefore the Who†¦? will stay in your mind. Also her slang phrasing appeals to ordinary people who feel as if she’s down to earth and makes the writing feel friendly, this encourages them to read on and not feel threatened with a formal very important looking poster.

Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Memo - Essay Example â€Å"These companies reported they collect this information to create duplicate or back-up files in case of system disruptions; to manage computer resources such; and to hold employees accountable for company policies†(GAO, 2002). Further, we advise all employees and officers that, in the even we receive information regarding our policy violation, their respective electronic transactions are subject to being read and reviewed. This policy covers use of offensive or disruptive language, visiting of offensive websites, improper handling or protection of corporate information and client files and doctoring or altering of corporate files. Altering of financial data is included in this policy as well. information from reaching competitors as well. First, the most sensitive information regarding corporate and client financial information is limited in access, to only those employees who need to information to perform their jobs. Our department has a list of the various levels of access assigned to each employee. Within our department, myself and one technical manager on each shift has access to the highest level access. To keep passwords from accidentally falling into the wrong hands, we also assign new passwords to those with the highest level of access every month. They are sent via email from within our corporate intranet. In addition, those with the highest level of access are only able to log on to the intranet, which is the only method of accessing financial data. We reported, we encourage you to speak to either myself or one of the shift managers, should you ever have the need. We encourage you to also come to us with any rumors or suspicions that your employees may come to you with. Typically such allegations are unfounded, thought it pays to be cautious. Corporate corruption can be described as anything from treating clients to lavish vacations, nights at strip clubs, altering financial statements and many more activities.

The Marketing Role in a CSR Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Marketing Role in a CSR Company - Essay Example The marketing angles are also in line with what the different publics require from the aegis of Shell and how Shell as a global company has brought about these deliverables in a quantifiable capacity. Â  Shell has concerned itself with health, safety, and other significant issues on a worldwide basis. This has meant that quite a heavy spending has been focused towards the CSR ranks, which indeed is a very positive aspect that is brought forward by the top management at Shell. Shell believes in empowering small and medium business entrepreneurs through its different programs (Ralston 2002). It has also endeavored to provide the poor and needy the much-needed food and shelter through a series of programs, all of which are geared to uplift the image of Shell in the long run. What is more understandable is the fact that Shell has been able to give in its best for quite a while now and the same will continue to be the case in the times to come, since its measures and initiatives are very coherent and strong. Â  The role of marketing within the CSR domains is also very important for Shell since the global player within the oil company understands that if it does not involve its own self in a very reasonable way within the minds and hearts of the customers, then it would be very difficult for it to claim its place within the relevant industrial settings as well (Sims 2003). Hence Shell’s role is to come out as an honest player which it is trying its best to project in different walks of life (Bennett 2002). However, there are times when controversies do arise and more so within the aegis of whistleblowing patterns making the rounds of the top organizations in the present times. Shell’s responsibility does not end here at all. It has to keep moving forward and satisfy its publics in such a way that they feel privileged and has a very positive view of the oil company that has changed the CSR definition. Â  

Federal debt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal debt - Research Paper Example all the state loans whether it is incurred for exploiting the natural resources of a country or for meeting or preparing for the war, or any commercial purposes, etc. is termed as Government Debt. (Hansen, 1941) The federal debt is created because the annual deficit of the government when the receipts of the government in a current year falls below the government spending. (Butler) This deficit is the amount that the government has to finance from other sources. The nature of the government debt is such that it is the debt of the people of the country which is why it is also known as the public debt as the government has to repay that debt by the amount it generates from the public in form of taxes. Therefore, it can be said to be the taxpayer’s indirect debt. (Peavler) State can raise loans in different forms. It may obtain loans from people within the country or from other states or by issue of inconvertible paper currency. There is always a limit of borrowing in each case whichever method is adopted by the state. If that limit is crossed, the country is bound to suffer. We discuss below the various forms of state borrowing and also the limit to which the state can borrow. When the state finds it difficult to raise its revenue by taxation then it resorts to borrowing from citizens and financial institutions within the country. That may fall into short term loans or long term loans or both. Now, it depends upon the socio-economic conditions of the country that how much loan the state will obtain. The state can also raise loans from the Central Bank of the country. The Central Bank purchases the government securities, bonds and debentures from the government and advances loans against them. It is that loan which is raised through international money markets, foreign governments and international agencies such as IMF. When state requires wealth, it makes effort to get as much loan as it can from other states. Foreign governments take into account many

Bancfirst Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bancfirst - Research Paper Example First is the economic environment because it affects the value of the bank’s financial instruments, securities and loans portfolios and market and credit risk exposure. For example, a decline in economic conditions could lead to increased regulatory scrutiny, increase loan delinquencies, reduce customer borrowing power and eventually lower demand for the bank’s products and services (Bancfirst 14). The demand curve for houses shifted to the right because of the following factors. Firstly, they began with low interest rates that prevailed from 2001 to 2004. These low rates made borrowers increasingly opt for adjustable rate mortgages over fixed-rate mortgages. Then the subprime mortgage industry developed a number of innovative products, e.g. hybrids, to fuel their growth. Hybrids were loans that began with a low fixed rate for an initial period and were then reset to higher variable rates for the remainder of the term of the loan. With such products in the market, borrowers and lenders alike focused only on the borrower’s ability to carry the low initial payments. These factors heightened consumer optimism and confidence which encouraged more borrowing. The equilibrium price went up. The falling prices made homeowners begin to owe more than their home’s value. Borrowers with adjustable rate mortgages were unable to refinance before their rates reset. As borrowers were unable to pay, foreclosures rose sharply and financial institutions that had invested heavily in subprime-related securities went into decline and some collapsed. With some firms collapsed, the supply curve shifted inward. Thus, the equilibrium price for houses went up. The housing crisis began when the US economy was in recession. This is manifested by the fact that the low interest rates that prevailed from 2001 to the end of 2004 were measures implemented by the Federal Reserve to combat the 2001 recession and prevent deflation (Barth et al. 7). The Federal Reserve Chairman says the

Women as transformational leaders Research Paper

Women as transformational leaders - Research Paper Example An effective leader demonstrates a passion for work and puts all the efforts by dedicating extra time to it. The person I genuinely admire as a leader is the managing director of the state’s health institution since exceptional changes have been observed. The institution was previously crowded; patients were never attended to, and the place was unhygienic. It had insufficient modern facilities as most machines were passed with technology, despite being the major referral hospital in the state. She has now transformed the place remarkably it is now clean, patients’ attendance has really improved, and the workers are treated better. The factor that encourages her is the stamina in which she took his work, and despite the frequent challenges, she has tried her best to beat the odds and is still working for greater goals. Her relation to his juniors is so amazing and, she is determined when it comes to his work, she has put everything he has to see a better health center improve. Leadership development practices have many benefits. They help leaders gain more experience. When leaders undergo development practices, they gain a sense of duty, and this helps improves their performance. The practices also helps leaders have increased loyalty from the virtues they acquire, and this increases the productivity on the organization. It also helps a leader discover what he or she is good at and work on it to raise the standards of an organization. Women are not known much in the leadership circles since it is considered meant for men. Development practices help them succeed in various ways. They help women gain a sense of self-confidence. This helps them put down most of their burdens, which are more than men’s. An example is the fact that women tend to experience emotional difficulties more often and intensely than men do. The practices encourage

Poverty and Inequality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Poverty and Inequality - Essay Example Contemporary scholars of poverty offer a different approach towards understanding poverty. In contemporary view, poverty is multidimensional and it is not dependent on income alone, rather it depends on lack of capabilities, deprivation or lack of resources and other important aspects such as security, rights and freedoms. Most traditional scholars depended on the traditional method of indexing poverty levels but the contemporary view has been helpful in giving clearer methods of dealing with poverty. Multidimensional study of poverty may take on the objective and subjective references in measurement of data. Measurement may also be dependent on the relative and absolute approaches in the references. In this discourse, several indices applying the latter and former methods will be under application in determining poverty and inequality. In order to calculate inequality, however, one has to understand what inequality means in an economic perspective in relation to poverty. In any given population, there is a difference between what people within the population earn. The uneven distribution of income in any given population is income inequality. In order for there to be income, there has to be several sources of income. These sources of income may be combinational or independent per person receiving the income. Income may result from wages, rent, bank account interests, salaries or even profits made in business transactions ( Stiglitz, 2012). In order to understand the complexities of economic inequality, the best specimen to use for the study is a family. In the study, the family’s income is under analysis, and then the family members ranked from the lowest income earner to the highest income earner. After the ranking, the incomes aid in establishing a Lorenz curve that is important in analysis of income. In order for a

International Financial Reporting Standards Assignment

International Financial Reporting Standards - Assignment Example The IASB is responsible for oversight of the IFRS. This agency was formed in 1973 under its former name International Accounting Standards (IAS). The IFRS were created in 2001 (Articlebase, 2008). The first nation to adopt the IFRS framework was the European Union. The countries of Europe adopted IFRS in 2005 (Moya, Perrramon, Constans, 2005). The biggest stock exchange in the European nation is the London Stock Exchange (LSE). All domestic companies must abide by IFRS and U.S. companies that want to list their stocks in the London Stock Exchange must convert their financial statements to IFRS. In U.S. GAAP the financial statements of all companies must follow a specific format, but under IFRS companies can utilize multiple formats for their financial statements. Despite the fact that the IFRS started in Europe, the goal of the IASB is for the IFRS to become the global standard in the accounting community. In a little over a decade the IFRS has penetrated a lot of nations worldwide a lready. There are 153 countries across the world that adopted IFRS which implies that nearly 75% of the world has currently gone through the process of implementing IFRS (Pwc, 2012). The United States is listed as one of the countries that have adopted IFRS, but in reality the U.S is still in a conceptual phase due to the fact the entire financial system of the U.S. is based on U.S. GAAP. It is going to be extremely difficult to convince the entire financial community that convergence into IFRS is in the best interest of the United States. U.S. GAAP is a more complex system that has been used for a longer time. One of the benefits of IFRS is its simplicity. A simpler accounting system can help companies reduce administrative expenses since accounting is a major function that requires a lot of resources. Some people in America have resistance to change because they believe that U.S. GAAP is a superior system that is better equipped to prevent material error and fraudulent activity. T he U.S. GAAP and the IFRS have the same function of recording the financial transactions of companies, but there are lots of differences between the ways financial information are reported in each framework. Under U.S GAAP the valuation of investments is done at the cost of the investment in order to comply with the historical cost principle. The historical cost principle states that all assets in the balance sheet must be recorded at purchase price of the acquisition (Investopedia, 2013). The profits or losses of the investments are only recognized in the accounting books if the investment is sold. In IFRS investments are recorded at fair market value. U.S. GAAP has more information and detail than IFRS. For instance under U.S. GAAP the consolidated financial statements demonstrate financial information regarding the subsidiaries of the company. The IFRS only reports financial activity of the parent company unless the parent company has control over the finances of the subsidiary. Another example of the descriptive nature of U.S GAAP is the policy of reporting detail information about the investments of the firm in the financial statements of the firm. IFRS excludes investment activity from the financial statements. The discrepancies between the two accounting frameworks create inequality in the financial markets because investors are not able to compare the financial statements of U.S. companies vs. foreign firms. In an ideal world everyone would use the

Balance Scorecard for projects by Stewart (2001) Essay

Balance Scorecard for projects by Stewart (2001) - Essay Example On the other hand, it can also be observed that the success of any particular project heavily draws on the performance of the people involved in that particular project. A project is often regarded as a mini organization as a result of the fact that it is more structured and controlled. It can also be noted that different projects have failed to achieve their goals as a result of poor management. â€Å"With a proper performance measurement tool such as the balanced scorecard (BSC), organisations can clarify their vision through measurable goals and outcomes,† (Shepko & Douglas, 1998 as cited in Stewart, 2000, p. 38). Against this background, this essay will discuss the BSC as a more contemporary means of implementing the strategies of an organisation in order to operate viably with the aim of achieving its stated goals. The discussion will heavily draw on the work of Stewart, Kaplan and Norton, Ahn and Prastacos. Particular attention will be given to the work of Stewart (2001) entitled Balanced scorecard for projects. The essay will critique journal the articles by these authors with the aim of discussing their views about this topic which is related to BSC. The paper is structure in different parts and the first part deals with giving an overview of the topic in view of the ideas raised by different authors. In the main, the essay will discuss the findings of different authors about the topic in question. The last part of the essay is based on a critical analysis of a case scenario of BBCL/El Nino/El Dorado. The discussion of this case study will heavily draw on the ideas raised by different authors mentioned above. A conclusion to give the main points discussed in the essay will be given at the end where a personal reflection about the writer’s own perception about the topic will be given. 1.1 Overview of the topic Organisations are currently encountering a revolutionary transformation where industrial age competition is replaced by the information age competition. During the contemporary period, it can be noted that sophisticated financial control systems were developed to monitor efficient allocations of financial and physical capital. Thus, the need for a new approach to the evaluation of value creation of the organisations has led to the development of the balanced scorecard. According to Kaplan and Norton (1996), a balanced scorecard is a strategy that is used to supplement the traditional financial measures with other criteria that measure performance from three additional dimensions which include the following: customers, internal business processes, learning and growth. The BSC can be used to transform the vision of the organisation towards the attainment of its strategic goals. According to these authors, building a scorecard enables the organisation to link its financial budgets with its strategic goals given that it will be easier to monitor the performance of the organisation as a whole through an outlined step by step process. Stewart (2000) suggests th at the goal of every organisation is to do more, better,

Elements of Gothic Literature Essay Example for Free

Elements of Gothic Literature Essay Gothic literature was born in 1764 when Horace Walpole published The Castle of Otranto, which is considered to be the first gothic novel ever written. Gothic literature was originally written as a reaction to the age of reason, order, and the politics of eighteenth-century England. Containing anti-Catholic sentiments and mythical aspects, Gothic literature explored the tension between what we fear and what we desire. The stories were usually set in some kind of castle or old building that showed human decay and created an atmosphere of mystery and suspense. Often, one of the main characters would be some sort of damsel in distress, threatened by some man. The words chosen in these novels and short stories were very descriptive, creating overwrought emotion and often, feelings of gloom and horror. Also, within the plot, some sort of ancient prophecy, along with omens and visions, could usually be found. The most important elements to the structure of canonical gothic literature, however, are supernatural and unexplainable events. In The Castle of Otranto, much of the plot surrounds one unexplainable incident: a giant black helmet falls on Prince Conrad, thus killing him. Because of Prince Conrads death, Manfred, his father, captures a passing peasant, Theodore, and pursues Isabella, Conrads fiancee. Later, it is learned that Jerome (the minister) is Theodores father. If the helmet had never fallen on Conrad, Manfred never would have stopped Theodore, and Jerome would never have found his long lost son. Manfred, still believing that Theodore is guilty of dropping the helmet by sorcery, is ready to execute him. At this point in the story, Isabellas long lost father appears, which halts Theodores execution. It is later learned that Isabellas father found her because a dream he had led him to a monk, who led him to Otranto. The supernatural event here is the dream, which turned out to forecast reality. He accuses Manfred of not being the rightful ruler of Otranto. Eventually, everything is confirmed when the giant version of Alfonso the Good that has been living in the castle (another mysterious incident) breaks through the walls and proclaims Theodore the natural heir of Alfonso and the rightful ruler of Otranto. The Ruins of the Abbey of Fitz-Martin, whose author remains anonymous, also has a similar dependency on a chain of supernatural events. Sir Thomas Fitz-Martin acquires an abbey, which he finds in ruins. He is certain it can be repaired, so he and his people venture inside. Upon exploring the abbey, Fitz-Martin opens a door with difficulty, only to be met with severe shrieks from inside that particular room. Later in the story, the superstition surrounding those screams is explained. Evidently, every night, the ghost of St. Anna can be seen walking up to the altar. She stays there until midnight, and then walks to the south tower. She screams three times, and the ghost of the evil Baron, who possessed the abbey years before, comes. Then, Anna chases him with a fire-brand in one hand and a dead baby in her other arm. The two ghosts eventually come to the Barons old room, where dismal yells and dying groans can be heard from. Fiery lights surround the Barons old room until the clock that hasnt been touched in years strikes two, or sometimes three oclock. This story of supernatural occurrence strikes the curiosity of Rosaline, Sir Thomas Fitz-Martins daughter, who then decides to go investigate the south tower. When she does, she finds the torture chamber where they killed St. Anna so many years ago. She is debating whether or not to go in, when she hears a voice commanding her to enter. She feels almost possessed, as the voice tells her to reach inside the coffin. When she does, she pulls something out and takes it with her, fleeing in terror. It is the supernatural phenomenon of this voice that brings in St. Annas story, which is written on the papers with which Rosaline fled in terror. The Vampyre by John Polidori casts an interesting slant on the element of supernatural events. The entire story is a supernatural event because Lord Ruthven is a vampire, a supernatural creature. Before this is revealed to the reader, however, there are important unexplainable events that allude to his being a vampire and are of utmost importance to the story. It is the mystery of Lord Ruthvens appearance that first attracts Aubrey to him, and thus begins the story. Aubrey wants to get to know him better, hopefully to  understand the enigma of his demeanor. They leave on a trip together, and Aubrey notices that Lord Ruthven is extremely charitable. He also notices, though, that Lord Ruthven always gives his money to the scoundrels of society, those who will piddle away the charity pursuing their vices. Then he realizes that all who receive money from Lord Ruthven end up far worse than they were before the charity. Although Aubrey cannot explain this, it intrigues him and makes him wonder if there isnt a spark of evil in Lord Ruthven. Some time later, Aubrey receives letters from his sister and his guardians. The letter from his sister is very loving, but the letter from his guardians bears only bad and mysterious news. They tell him that his traveling companion is pure evil, that all the women at home that he wooed because of their virtues, have now come forth and shown that they are tainted, and pursue their vices publicly. The people of their town find this unexplainable and very unnerving. He was suspicious of Lord Ruthvens evil before, but upon reading the letter, Aubrey decides that he must leave Lord Ruthven for the remainder of the trip. Aubrey travels to Greece, where he stays with a kind family and falls in love with their daughter, Ianthe, although he does not act on it. It is here that he learns the legend of the vampire. One day he goes to a place to research, and they tell him to be back before dark because of the vampire. He loses track of time and it is soon dark. He hears a scream and runs toward it. He finds a hut, and picks up a dagger that is inside. However, he is too late. Ianthe was murdered by the vampire. Aubrey falls into a fever and Lord Ruthven returns to him and nurses him back to health. Soon after this, they are attacked by robbers and Lord Ruthven is wounded. He dies, but makes Aubrey promise to him that he will not speak a word of his death. When Aubrey goes back for Lord Ruthvens body, it is gone, and the robbers tell Aubrey that they had to put it in the moonlight the first night of Lord Ruthvens death. They go to where they left the corpse, but it has mysteriously disappeared. Aubrey decides that it is time to go home. On his way home, he goes through Lord Ruthvens things and finds a shaft that matches the dagger he found in the hut exactly. This confirms for Aubrey  that Lord Ruthven is the vampire. When he arrives home, his sister holds a drawing-room. Here, Aubrey is snatched by the arm and told to remember his oath. Aubrey is dumbfounded because Lord Ruthven is supposed to be dead, but here he is, pursuing his sister. This drives him into a terrible fever. During this fever, he figures out that his sister is engaged to Lord Ruthven and fears for her. He tries to stop the wedding, but everyone thinks that he is crazy and dismisses him. His sister is killed at the end of the story. The fact that Lord Ruthven is a supernatural creature accounts for all of the supernatural events and the entire story. If he was not a vampire, his demeanor would never have attracted Aubrey initially, and Aubrey never would have gone traveling with Lord Ruthven. Had Aubrey not gone traveling with him, he never would have discovered that Lord Ruthven was a vampire, and gone crazy. If Aubrey had not gone crazy, he would have been able to stop the wedding and save his sisters life. Supernatural and unexplainable events are crucial to the plot of a gothic story. Often, they act as the backbone of the plot and many of the circumstances and coincidences rest upon them. In The Castle of Otranto, they act as the coincidence drivers as well as supply some of the omens and visions, another element of gothic literature. They bring the real story to the surface in The Ruins of the Abbey of Fitz-Martin, and provide the foundation for the story in The Vampyre. Without the element of supernatural and unexplainable events, much of the canonical gothic literature would not stand on its own.

The Sub Processes Of Perception

The Sub Processes Of Perception The perceptual process of individuals passes through several sub-processes. They are stimulus or situation, registration, interpretation, feedback, behavior, and consequence. Stimulus or situation is the first sub-process in the process of perception. Here people are confronted with an external or internal stimulus. As a result, they might experience an immediate sensual stimulation or the confrontation may take place with the entire physical and socio-cultural environment. In Registration, the individuals record in their minds the stimulus they have received from the environment. Physiological mechanisms such as listening, hearing, etc. play an active role in the perception of individuals. During Interpretation, people analyze the stimulus they have received. It is a cognitive process that is influenced by learning, motivation, and personality. Feedback is the response individuals receive from the stimulus i.e. environmental situations. Feedback has an impact on the perception of individuals. For instance, if employees receive appreciation (feedback) from the manager for their work, then they perceive that the manager is satisfied with their performance. Registration, interpretation, and feedback occur within a person and are in response to a given stimulus from the external environment. These sub-processes lead to a certain behavior by the individual, which again leads to a certain consequence. Role of perception in decision making in manufacturing sector Manufacturing is the backbone of any industrialized nation. Recent worldwide advances in manufacturing technologies have brought about a metamorphism in the industry. Fast-changing technologies on the product front have created a need for an equally fast response from manufacturing industries. To meet these challenges, manufacturing industries have to select appropriate manufacturing strategies, product designs, manufacturing processes, work piece and tool materials, and machinery and equipment. The selection decisions are complex as decision making is more challenging today. Decision makers in the manufacturing sector frequently face the problem of assessing a wide range of options and selecting one based on a set of conflicting criteria. Decision Making in the Manufacturing Environment will be very useful to decision makers in the manufacturing sector as it makes decision making easier, more logical, systematic, efficient and effective. It is intended for designers, manufacturing engineers, practitioners, managers, institutes involved in design and manufacturing related projects, applied research workers, academics, and graduate students in mechanical, industrial, and manufacturing engineering. Organizations rely heavily on the choices made for their success. The right choices can bring triumph and negative choices can cause failure. Perception plays a very important role in the choices individuals make. People make decisions every day, every hour and every minute based on the perceptions they interpret. Perception can cause several people to make wrong choices based on false information. In an organization incorrect decisions can cause a great deal of negative effects. Perception plays a vital role in the choices humans make. People make decisions every day, every hour and every minute based on the perceptions they construe. Each individual perceives situations, places, people and so forth with ones own five senses. However, what one perceives is not always accurate. Peoples perceptions can be misleading and can cause negative effects. Perception can cause numerous people to make the wrong choices based on non-factual information. In organizations wrong decisions can cause a tremendous amount of negative effects. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand perception; how ones perception of others impacts an organizations behavior; the positive and negative effects of using perceptive shortcuts when judging others; how decisions in real world organizations are made; and how perceptions shape ones ethical decisions. Q1. Whether companies consider perception before decision Making? Ans.: Direct Attention Thinking Tools (DATT) is now Power of Perception. DATT gives us 10 simple strategies for sharpening an individuals perception and focusing our thinking in a more comprehensive, effective, and efficient way. DATT tools will enable us to have a broad and inclusive viewpoint. Using the DATT tools helps we can create a framework for defining a situation and improves our ability to consider consequences before we take action. So companies should consider perception before decision making with the help of DATT. Q2. How does perception affects decision making? Ans.: 1. Individuals in organizations make decisions; they make choices from among two or more alternatives. Top managers determine their organizations goals, what products or services to offer, how best to finance operations, or where to locate a new manufacturing plant. Middle- and lower-level managers determine production schedules, select new employees, and decide how pay raises are to be allocated. Non-managerial employees also make decisions including whether or not to come to work on any given day, how much effort to put forward once at work, and whether or not to comply with a request made by the boss. A number of organizations in recent years have been empowering their non-managerial employees with job-related decision-making authority that historically was reserved for managers. Decision-making occurs as a reaction to a problem. There is a discrepancy between some current state of affairs and some desired state, requiring consideration of alternative courses of action. The awareness that a problem exists and that a decision needs to be made is a perceptual issue. 3. Every decision requires interpretation and evaluation of information. The perceptions of the decision maker will address these two issues. Data are typically received from multiple sources. Which data are relevant to the decision and which are not? Alternatives will be developed, and the strengths and weaknesses of each will need to be evaluated. Q3. Why perception is included in the process of decision making? Ans.: Perception is a cognitive process by which individuals organize, interpret, and understand their surroundings and environment which also includes impressions formed objects, events, and people. In the process of making decisions, we must fully understand the situation along with its facts to come to a resolution. Without consuming all the factors, the wrong decision may be made. Every decision requires interpretation and evaluation of information. The perceptions of the decision maker will address these two issues. Perception in manufacturing sector Indias manufacturing sector has registered a balanced growth across different industries over the last six months with even the old economy companies turning the corner, says a new study. The CII manufacturing-ASCON survey, carried out by the Associations Council of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), states that 65 percent of the companies in 125 sectors tracked have been registering growth during the last six months. The Indian economy is poised to reap the benefits that come with a strong manufacturing base in an economy. The relentless emphasis that Indian companies have placed on continuously enhancing design and engineering skills, building new capabilities for product and technology innovation and in leveraging resources from around the world to provide value to customers are contributing in transforming Made in India into a global brand. The India advantage is fast changing from that of cost arbitrage to include sustainable factors such as skilled labour, design and research and development capability, a large consuming middle class, besides a growing and liberalizing economy, states the survey for April-September 2006. The manufacturing sector is clearly benefiting from this changing perception. In fact, manufacturing in India is now acquiring a whole new dimension. While many low-end jobs are being outsourced to India, the manufacturing sector is also turning into the design and manufacturing hub of the world. Be it industrial robot manufacturer Gudel or auto giant BMW or South Korean consumer goods giant LG, India has become a key manufacturing destination for a large number of global players. It is already a preferred destination for the manufacture of auto components, bulk drugs and producer services such as software, finance and several others. The manufacturing sector had recorded a growth of 9.1 percent in 2005-06, compared to 9.2 percent in the previous year. This is being strengthened quarter-on-quarter during the current fiscal. The manufacturing sector seems set to enhancing its share in the GDP to the targeted 30 percent. CONCLUSION The Perception and Reality of Business Effectiveness The Perception of Business Effectiveness Lets talk about the perception and reality of business growth. You know the difference between perception and reality. Perception gives you an impression. Reality is the experience of the truth of the matter. Reality is what counts. Perception/impression may not to give you results that you would expect, or like. The perception of where your company is with regard to growth is based on your increasing sales and profitability, the company perspective of itself, and it as compared to your competition and industry standard. You could ask yourself What is the perception of my corporate growth?, Is my corporate growth bringing me the long-term results I am looking for? And, what are the costs of my company not fulfilling its growth potential? It is important to note here that the reality of a companys achievement and growth could be quite different based on another perspective. The perception of your business condition could be deceiving, and could include a number of unseen losses. Your perception is verified by its comparison to another perspective. Opportunity Analysis We can focus on a companys position by asking these questions What is the perception of how we are doing as a company? How can I see what to do to know where to go to do better? What would it take to improve the outcome of my results? What would the reality look like of what I could achieve? How would the improved results put the company in a more profitable and secure position? Am I committed to produce the results I envision? What can I do now to start gaining better business results? What we are addressing here is turning a perception into a new reality by understanding where we are at and creating a path to a reality of improved business development and greater profitability results. The Reality of Business Effectiveness Cutting Costs and Building Profitability As we know building profitability can often be focused on cutting costs. The problem and limitation to building profitability by cutting costs is that you can only cut costs until you have no more costs to cut, and then you might be out of business. Obviously you cannot build company growth on out of business; you cannot build company growth on cutting costs. You can build on opportunities. The key is seeing the opportunities and knowing how to address them. In perceiving opportunities the forest and the trees, the being to close to see it, can come into play. The advantage of an outside business development professional is that they can see the opportunities clearer. A business development professional unveils possibilities for companies by revealing business building opportunities through the background of extensive business experience and a natural talent in business clarity and ideas, coupled with a valuable outside perspective, that creates business results that are effective looking in from outside of the current perception. Creating improved business outcomes for company growth requires a prudent combination of successful cost consciousness and business building that provides the most effective long-term profitability results. At a last, perception is very important for decision making in manufacturing business it also help in sustaining and attaining goals of business ..

Binge Drinking In Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay

Binge Drinking In Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay Anti social behaviours such as binge drinking in teenagers and young adults have been a serious issue and also contributed significantly to the mortality rates in United Kingdom. Binge drinking is associated with non modifiable risk factors such as age, sex and modifiable genetic predisposition as well as modifiable risk factors such as smoking, violence, rape and drug abuse. The control of binge drinking among these young adults is very important in preventing any form of risk factors that could damage their lifestyle or become a threat to the environment and family. Proposals have been made by the UK Department of Health (DoH) regarding the current concerns of risk and increasing prevalence of binge drinking among teenagers and young adults. Possible options for action have been proposed and available pieces of evidence are used to discuss issues such as education, communication, working with the Government and also working with the local industry. It is recommended that there should be an electronic assessment application that will help to generate electronic feedback similar to that of the e-Nudge trial is been developed and adopted. It is also proposed that if the Government could work with the law abiding forces in UK to reduce binge drinking among these subgroups It is proposed that further research should be carried out to investigate the cost effectiveness of these recommendations and the feasibility. Background Surveys with teenagers in the United States, United Kingdom and other European countries have documented that young and adolescent is prevalent in binge drinking. Cahalan and Crossley (1969) defined binge drinking as taking at least five alcoholic drinks consumed during a session. Comprehensive College Alcohol Study (CAS) in Harvard School of Public Health conducted a research and also re-defined binge drinking as five drinks for men and four drinks for women on a single occasion within the past two weeks (Davenport, Wechsler, Dowdall, Castillo and Moeykens, 2004). Binge drinking is a major public health and safety problem and its associated with health risks such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular heart disease (CVD), and the short term effects includes violence, accidents, rape cases and anti-social behaviours (ASB). Anti-social behaviours (ASB) have significantly contributed to global mortality and have been projected to cause more damage if not controlled. For so many youths and teenagers in UK and which are also influenced by peer pressure, they have chosen binge drinking as part of their lifestyle and these lifestyle could be relaxing with friends in an open environment, pub, party or at home. Home office has done two studies which was the relationship between binge drinking and the risk factors among 18-25 years. The first study (Richardson and Budd, 2003) examined the relationship between an offensive behaviour and binge drinking while the second study (Engineer et al., 2003) was to quantify between the social context of binge drinking and the key findings were: Most of the binge drinkers were men (48%) than women (31%); There was a strong relationship between been offensive and drinking, and also causing strong violent crimes after been drunk; Most of the binge drinkers (60%) admitted been involved in a bad behaviour after or during drinking which was compared to the 25% of regular drinkers. The present large, population based study attempts to address the issues on the strong relationship between subjective health and binge drinkers. Options for action There are a number of approaches that could be adopted in implementing the new programme. These options can only be effective and also reduce the current concern in binge drinking. It is also set out that these options will have to work with the industry, law enforcement agencies, communities, and the Government. They are: An improvement on the enforcement on young people drinking in public places and environments; Working with the industries To support the teenagers in making a wise decision on alcohol These options will need the Government to seriously intervene only if the Governments intervention is coherent, strategic, sustained and measured. Review of Evidence It is an illegal act in UK when an underage (under 18) buys or goes to the pub to have alcohol either if the alcohol is bought by them or somebody else that is older than 18 years old. The current Government guidelines by National Health Service (NHS) states that the normal intake of alcohol for that of men is 3-4 units in a day while that of women is 2-3 units in a day. College of physicians (2002) had a report on binge drinking and defined binge drinking as the intake of alcohol either a man or a woman of 10 or more than 10 units in a single session. The new national alcohol harm-reduction strategy defined binge drinking as having alcohol of 6 units or more for women and 8 or more units for men. More than half according to Strategy Unit (2003) of the young adults take alcohol below 14/21 units per week, 6.4 million people binge drink up to 35/50 units per week, 1.8 million people binge drink more than 35/50 units per week. It was also recorded that the young adults within the age of 16-24 are classified as binge drinkers having the percentage of men (50%) and women (42%). The public is concerned about this shameful act and the Government has to do something about it because this kind of drinking put young and teenagers at risk as well as creating problems for others which could possibly lead to crime. Fuller E (2006) had a proportion where the age range of 11-15 years old that drink on the street and in public places has increased from 21% to 31% in the year 1999 to 2006. In addition for the Government to intervene to take responsibility of young people drinking in public, the Home office will have to issue an immediate order to the police and the parents whose children that constantly drink in public will also have to be questioned so that conditions like strict monitoring of the childs behaviour will need to be met. The central role of the alcohol industry is very substantial and variable identity in the UK society and economy. Binge drinking does not only make an individual vulnerable to danger and harm but also damage the health of the person which could lead to both short and long term illness. For over the last century record, the alcohol consumption in UK has raised which makes UK to fall in the middle compared to other European countries. The approach of working with the breweries or industries requires a strong relationship between families, communities, the public services such as the National Health Service (NHS) and the police, the individuals and the Government. There is also a clear view when Government gets to work with the industry at a national level to introduce a scheme or a law that would operate to a set of standards that will help to promote best practice in England. This plan can only be put up as a law in different ways and also implemented. They are; To make sure that the retailers do not sell to an underage and anybody found or caught doing such will have to face an immediate prosecution. Implement the use of Proof of Age Standard Scheme (PASS) amongst the young adults, retailers and the parents. To support the police to close down any pub/shop when it has been identified for creating problems in the public. Young people are also highly influenced by alcohol adverts either on TV or in the radio which is also the key points to address binge drinking amongst teenagers and young adults. The work of Drink aware Trust in an example that has been done in the UK to help fight binge drinking. The young teenagers themselves needs to be encouraged, advised and supported when making a decision on taking alcohol. They need to be told on the effect, harm, the potential risk and also receive all the appropriate information about binge drinking. The need for a campaign or a seminar on moderate drinking and not drink to get drunk. The aim should be about bringing change in culture, a delay in age when young people should start drinking and to those who has chosen to engage in drinking, to be advised on the lower risk way which should be the target. The Government should also reach out to children and young people in schools about alcohol education and also drugs. Recommendation Based on all that has been discussed, the following recommendations should be considered: Improving the identification process in the health system because it presents variety of access points for those with binge drinking; The use of screening and brief intervention for identifying the level of alcohol consumption using a questionnaire as a tool for the survey; and The approach of enforcement which will be a clear legal framework preventing the sale of alcohol to under 21s. The Government can introduce a national identity cards scheme, useful and secure way of providing and determining age when young adults or teenagers wish to purchase age restricted products such as alcohol. The increase in awareness regarding the importance of age, environment, and gender should also be promoted especially amongst ethnic minority groups and the socially deprived through culture and language sensitive health education programs and adverts. Implementation of policy to encourage the risk behind binge drinking for all young adults in the UK should also be considered. These would ultimately assist the Minister of State for Public health and Department of Health to reduce binge drinking. Recommendation Based on all that has been discussed, the following recommendations should be considered; Stopping young and teenagers in drinking anywhere that is public by giving the police to arrest under 18s who drink and act anti-socially, issue guidance to the health and young adults services, the police to also fasten their approach in dealing with public drinking by the underages in UK; Teaming with the industry to encourage a tough prosecution on those caught breaking the licensing conditions, the Government also should support the local authorities, police and communities to spot hotspots that create problems; Establish a guideline on alcohol and teenagers; Support and establish a strong relationship with parents; The Government should also have an alcohol and drug education in schools and also encourage those that have already started drinking the harm, potential long and short term risk involved in drinking.

Essay --

The Christian view of theology is found in two ways: general revelation and special revelation. General revelation is available to all people at all times and can be found in the nature and design of the entire universe. Special revelation is given to specific people at specific times and places and can be found in Christ and the Scriptures. These two types of revelation show something very important to the cornerstone of Christian theology, it shows that God is personal. Through the revelation it can be seen that God is self-aware, self-determining, and He has emotions, the characteristics of a person. Another key idea to Christian theology is the fact that God is triune, He exists in the Father, Son, and the Spirit. Each one of the three branches serves a different purpose, but all are equally important and equally powerful. Matthew 28:19 affirms the idea of the Trinity by saying â€Å"Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son , and of the Holy Ghost:†, mentioning every part of the trinity. God is a loving God who gave us His own Son in order to save us from our sins even though we didn’t deserve to be saved. Our Christian theology is based on this idea that Christ came and died for our sins, with this idea Christianity either stands or falls. Philosophy is also a major part in the Christian worldview even though some people use the first part of Colossians 2:8, which tells us not to be deceived by philosophy, as a way to say our faith doesn’t need to have reason and doesn’t have to be defended. These people negate the second part of the verse which says to not fall prey to philosophy based on man’s ideas. One question directed towards Christianity is the question of how is it po... ...volution in order to create humans. This idea however, is ridiculous and inefficient, and with an understanding Christians are able to defend the idea that God created all things. One of greatest arguments for Creationism is the idea of teleology, because there is design in the universe there must be a designer. We can see this in DNA, which has an incredible amount of order and information in just a small space, and functions as the blueprint for life. The gene pool is another thing that supports the idea of Creationism because it shows that macroevolution, not microevolution, is impossible. Creatures aren’t able to breed outside of their own gene pools, and we can see that this didn’t happen because of the many gaps in the fossil record. The Christian view of Creationism provides a good explanation for the origins of life, which points back to an all-powerful God.

Struggling to Remember :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Struggling to Remember The brain gathers, processes, and stores information in a number of ways. When we perceive something, a set of cells in our brain is activated in a specific sequence. If not fully pursued, the perception fades and the cells return to their original state (1). However if the thought or perception is ‘entertained,’ the cells interact, forming a network of communication and signal transmission. The set of cells becomes a memory engram; a neuronal network representing encoded fragments of past experiences. â€Å"The set of cells with facilitated synapses is now the anatomical correlate to the memory (1).† Recollection of an event or rather activation of an engram can occur via a stimulus to any of the parts of the brain where a neural connection for the memory exists. Once the engram is activated the hippocampus facilitates activity at the synapse, strengthening the relationship between neurons in the network, thus solidifying the memory (1). The chances of rememberin g improve by this process of consolidation. Thus, memories play an integral role in our lives; they are the bits and pieces of our experience. Just as remembering plays a critical role in shaping or lives, so does the process of forgetting. What happens when we forget or lose our memories? Perhaps forgetting is due to poor encoding, an error in the process transforming something a person sees, hears, thinks, or feels into a memory (2). Maybe the absence of proper stimulus prohibits retrieval of information or maybe forgetting serves as a drive to keep us sane, purging the brain of irrelevant data. â€Å"If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill of ass if we remembered nothing (William James, The Principles of Psychology).† Memory plays a central role in mental health and thus its impairment is one of the most distressing psychological dysfunctions. Amnesia or memory loss is an extreme case of forgetting that occurs often as a result of severe brain injury or traumatic experience. The term amnesia is associated with a broad category of memory deficits ranging from Alzheimer’s disease and anterograde and retrograde amnesia to infantile and childhood amnesia and progressive memory loss due to aging (3). However, clinical cases of amnesia tend to fall into two main categories-psychogenic amnesia and organic amnesia. Psychogenic amnesia refers to instances in which memory loss is presumed to have a purely psychological basis. Traumatic events may have altered the patient’s brain but no physical damage is observed.

Buy Essay Online: Comparing Homers Odyssey and Joyces Ulysses

Comparing Homer's Odyssey and Joyce's Ulysses  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will analyze the style, genre and plots of the "Hades" episodes found in Homer's Odyssey and Joyce's Ulysses. Before entering this small treatise, it is important to understand the etymology of the word Hades, since it is the setting for both Joyce and Homer (of course in Homer's case, he was speaking of the literal aidhs and Joyce was referring to the graveyard, where Bloom attends the funeral of Paddy Dignam and "broods about the death of his only son ").   Homer's use of the word Hades   was to refer to the abode of the dead or the unseen nether world; where we find Odysseus searching for Tiresias, to find out how to return to Ithaca safely.   The Homeric Hades is not the modern view of Hell, mentioned in the Old and New Testaments.   In fact, C.S. says   "In real Pagan belief, Hades was hardly worth talking about; a world of shadows, of decay.   Homer . . . represents the ghosts [in Hades] as witless.   They gibber meaninglessly until some li ving man gives them sacrificial blood to drink. "   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparing the style: Objective vs. Existential    Eight months prior to the first publication of Ulysses , Joyce penned: "If you want to read Ulysses you had better first get or borrow from a library a translation in prose of the Odyssey of Homer. " Joyce's recommendation is a must in order to get the full meaning of his work.   A good commentary    would also be found useful in exegesis.   Most people, ". . . opening Ulysses at random are easily scarecrowed away by the first shock of [its] queer mixture of vulgar slang and metaphysical obscurity. " I must admit that my first reading of Ulysses   was horrifying.   I am a lover of the western class... ...oehrich, Rolf. The Secret of Ulysses. (Folcroft, PA: Folcroft Press, 1969)    Schutte, William, "An Index of Recurrent Elements in Ulysses: "Hades". James    Joyce Quarterly. Spring 1977: (Vol. XIV, No. 3)    Skeat, Walter. Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. (Great Britain:Wordsword, 1993)    Smith, William. Wordsworth Classical Dictionary. (London: Wordsworth Editions, 1996)    Smith, Paul. A Key to the Ulysses of James Joyce. (New York: Covici Friede, 1934)    Thornton, Weldon. Allusions in Ulysses. (North Carolina: UNC Press, 1968)    The student may wish to begin the paper with the following quote:    "I hold this book [Ulysses] to be the most important expression which the present age has found; it is a book to which we are all indebted, and from which none of us can escape. "         Ã‚   T.S.   Elliot Buy Essay Online: Comparing Homer's Odyssey and Joyce's Ulysses Comparing Homer's Odyssey and Joyce's Ulysses  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay will analyze the style, genre and plots of the "Hades" episodes found in Homer's Odyssey and Joyce's Ulysses. Before entering this small treatise, it is important to understand the etymology of the word Hades, since it is the setting for both Joyce and Homer (of course in Homer's case, he was speaking of the literal aidhs and Joyce was referring to the graveyard, where Bloom attends the funeral of Paddy Dignam and "broods about the death of his only son ").   Homer's use of the word Hades   was to refer to the abode of the dead or the unseen nether world; where we find Odysseus searching for Tiresias, to find out how to return to Ithaca safely.   The Homeric Hades is not the modern view of Hell, mentioned in the Old and New Testaments.   In fact, C.S. says   "In real Pagan belief, Hades was hardly worth talking about; a world of shadows, of decay.   Homer . . . represents the ghosts [in Hades] as witless.   They gibber meaninglessly until some li ving man gives them sacrificial blood to drink. "   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparing the style: Objective vs. Existential    Eight months prior to the first publication of Ulysses , Joyce penned: "If you want to read Ulysses you had better first get or borrow from a library a translation in prose of the Odyssey of Homer. " Joyce's recommendation is a must in order to get the full meaning of his work.   A good commentary    would also be found useful in exegesis.   Most people, ". . . opening Ulysses at random are easily scarecrowed away by the first shock of [its] queer mixture of vulgar slang and metaphysical obscurity. " I must admit that my first reading of Ulysses   was horrifying.   I am a lover of the western class... ...oehrich, Rolf. The Secret of Ulysses. (Folcroft, PA: Folcroft Press, 1969)    Schutte, William, "An Index of Recurrent Elements in Ulysses: "Hades". James    Joyce Quarterly. Spring 1977: (Vol. XIV, No. 3)    Skeat, Walter. Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. (Great Britain:Wordsword, 1993)    Smith, William. Wordsworth Classical Dictionary. (London: Wordsworth Editions, 1996)    Smith, Paul. A Key to the Ulysses of James Joyce. (New York: Covici Friede, 1934)    Thornton, Weldon. Allusions in Ulysses. (North Carolina: UNC Press, 1968)    The student may wish to begin the paper with the following quote:    "I hold this book [Ulysses] to be the most important expression which the present age has found; it is a book to which we are all indebted, and from which none of us can escape. "         Ã‚   T.S.   Elliot

Framework and Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Essay

The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help them evaluate the consequences of and accept the responsibility for their actions and choices. (AAE, 2014) Educators should be committed to the profession of teaching and learning. They should be professionally active, life-long learners and seek opportunities for professional development. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : 1 I believe an individual who has the calling on their heart to teach, should be dedicated to his/her students. They should be dedicated to their profession just the same so as to further their education in any manner possible, thus better educating the students. The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help them evaluate the consequences of and accept the responsibility for their actions and choices. (AAE, 2014) The professional educator, in exemplifying ethical relations with colleagues, accords just and equitable treatment to all members of the profession. (AAE, 2014) Educators should model integrity by their words and actions. They should be forthright with others and uphold high standards of trust, character, and integrity. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : Honesty is key to all facets of one’s life. Honesty is imperative, for without it, a teacher cannot be trusted by a co-worker, a parent and most of all, the student. And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. John 8:32 (KJV) The professional educator assumes responsibility and accountability for his or her performance and continually strives to demonstrate competence. The professional educator endeavors to maintain the dignity of the profession by respecting and obeying the law, and by demonstrating personal integrity. The professional educator, in exemplifying ethical relations with colleagues, accords just and equitable treatment to  all members of the profession. The professional educator endeavors to understand and respect the values and traditions of the diverse cultures represented in the community and in his or her classroom. (AAE, 2014) Educators should exercise sound judgment and ethical behavior. They should be a positive role model within their community. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : I believe the teacher is the role model within the classroom and should conduct their attitude and behavior with this fact in mind. Although it is my contention that a student’s role model should be the parent at home, this right is not afforded to all. Therefore, the teacher should conduct themselves with the realization that they may be the only Bible that a student may see†¦ or read. Only let your conversation be as it becometh the gospel of Christ†¦ Philippians 1:27 The professional educator does not intentionally expose the student to disparagement. The professional educator endeavors to present facts without distortion, bias or personal prejudice. The professional educator endeavors to understand and respect the values and traditions of the diverse cultures represented in the community and in his or her classroom. (AAE, 2014) Educators should promote social justice and equity, maintain appropriate standards of confidentiality, and exercise fairness in all areas including assessment. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : Fairness is imperative within the classroom setting, so that each student sees they are getting the same equal opportunity to learn. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus. Galatians 3:28 (KJV). The professional educator assumes responsibility and accountability for his or her performance and continually strives to demonstrate competence. The professional educator continues professional growth. (AAE, 2014) Educators should believe that all students can learn and should set and support realistic expectations for student success. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : The student expects greatness of the teacher. The teacher expects greatness from each of his/her students. The teacher needs to have high expectations for themselves, so they can continually support the learning by the student. I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. Philippians 4:13 The professional educator recognizes that quality education is the common goal of the public, boards of education, and educators, and that a cooperative effort is essential among these groups to attain that goal. The professional educator does not interfere with a colleague’s freedom of choice, and works to eliminate coercion that forces educators to support actions and ideologies that violate individual professional integrity. (AAE, 2014) Educators should demonstrate professional friendliness, warmth, and genuine caring in their relationships with others while providing intellectual, emotional, and spiritual support. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority ranking : For as self-involved as a student can seem, they are very aware of the attitude that an adult carries themselves with. Showing a genuine interest in each student and their interests outside the classroom can help a teacher better know how to educate the student. And be ye kind one to another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, even as God for Christ’s sake hath forgiven you. Ephesians 4:32 (KJV). The professional educator deals considerately and justly with each student, and seeks to resolve problems, including discipline, according to law and school policy. The professional educator makes concerted efforts to communicate to parents all information that should be revealed in the interest of the student. (AAE, 2014) Educators should promote and support curiosity and encourage active inquiry. They should be able to think innovatively and creatively, using critical thinking as a problem-solving approach. (COE-GCU Framework, 2014) Priority  ranking : Curiosity can and should be resolved in the classroom so the student can learn. Curiosity on the part of the parent about their child – revealing the answers so they can better understand what and how their child is learning and progressing in their educational experience. It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter. Proverbs 25:2 (KJV) References Association of American Educators’ Four Principles of Ethical Teachers, 2014. LaPrade, K., (2011). GCU College of Education Conceptual Framework, 16-20.

Demand and Supply

Medical advances usher out clasp from witching over to Electronic file keeping, to the use of Tell- health. The study for this is as diverse as the products and table services themselves. One of the options that argon periodly available is al-Qaida c are. As the baby boomer creation ages, the of age(p) world impart append the lease for pedestal health services imputable to fiscal and emotional factors. The continuum or handiness of home apprehension programs will be greatly needed in the personate years to come. go forth & Demand Factors some a(prenominal) factors get to the hold and bring home the bacon of health forethought products and services.The concept of demand versus supply In home health apportion mint never be testified. No unrivaled health care facility shadower meet all the demands of medical services. As individuals are living longer and infirmary admittance equals seems to increase time providing quality care seems to decrease, consumer s are desire to talk terms chronic illnesses within the pull of their own home. As the population ages we are seeing many a(prenominal) Individuals coming experience with diseases that are either not curable or that has ran Its course In the form and there Is nothing that can be done to prolong life.Hospice care Is lenitive care given to Individuals who are terminally Ill, with an expected survival of six months or less. This is when this type of service is needed and many of individuals, especially the minorities do not endure that these services exist either because they contribute this to high cost service or think that it is not covered by their insurance. Another factor contributing to an increase in demand for home healthcare services are advances in medical technology which make it possible to manage conditions in a home pose that would previously have required infirmaryizing or the services of a skilful care for facility.Consumers have easy access to home care ser vices, they have a prize among providers, and consumers are currently selecting he topper service based upon a manakin of options. The orbit of those Interested In from incorporate to severe. The many options available drop from skilled nursing, occupational physical therapy, rehabilitative social services and in-person ODL aid can be provided at within the contain on ones home. planetary house health care dos foil the need for higher-cost care. Home health care helps prevent the need for higher-cost care.Hospitals can reduce the cost and save on providing medical intercession and equipment items such as medical professionals time, spendable syringes, catheters, and dressing changes and other supplies to treat the attain. The business in healthcare is that the consumer often pays secondary or nothing for services, despite the current reality of deductibles and co-payments. When this is the case, price stops beingness a factor in demand and demand increases to virtu ally unlimited levels (Salesman, 2009, p. L).Economic bell Nationally, the median(a) hourly cost for housewife services and home health adjutant stork services is $18 and $19, skilled nursing $40, TO & APT $65-$75 administrators, $32, directors $38. Nationally the median yearbook cost for care in an assisted living facility by comparison, is $39,600. Nationally, Private nursing homes medium annual sectional cost, over the past fiver years, rose 4. 3 percent per annum to $81 ,030. While the average home-care consider costs Medicare $150 per visit. The average hospital stay costs Medicare $1500.Medicare expenditures in 2008 tot $324 billion, slightly more than 2. 2% of stark(a) domestic product (GAP). Medicare home health covers about 3. 3 million beneficiaries resulting in $16. 5 billion in total Medicare payments in 2008 (SMS, Data Compendium, 2009). Access and Supply Consumers have easy access to home care services, they have a option among providers, and consumers are c urrently selecting the best service based upon a rarity of options. The range of those interested in home care is vast. Depending upon the situation, the need for services can range from moderate to severe.The many services that are available range from skilled nursing, Occupational physical therapy, rehabilitative social services and personal ODL assistance. separate services consist of transportation, medical equipment such as diagnostic and incontinence supplies, diapers, gloves, cope covers, commodes, wheel chairs, lifts, meal programs, etc. , can be provided all within the confines on ones home. Home health care helps prevent the need for higher-cost care. Most insurances, such as Medicare and Medicaid, cover the costs of many home care services.Consumers can judge out services through the referral of a Physicians approval. Once approved, consumers can begin to sleep together the many services available to help themselves regain independence of their physical abilities. ru n will last until consumer is able to extend in a residence with assistance of primary caregiver/support from residential area agencies. Conclusion The United States aging population will require a dish more out of health care services than ever before, this is mainly referable to the longer life span of the fourth-year with heroic illnesses. According to the U.S. Administration on Aging, by 2030 the number of Americans aged 65 and older will more than in two ways to 71 million, thats roughly 20 percent of the U. S. Population. In some states, as lots as a quarter of the population will be aged 65 and older. Being that health care is on the verge of change, the certainty that these services will still exist in the come on future remains order to satisfy the demand of elderly services the supply of home care organizations needs to develop to accommodate physical emotional and financial factors of these nonusers.

Social Change During 1820-1860

Amr Sadek November 4, 2012 U. S. recital In what slipway did surfacements in expatriate generate round stinting and affectionate variegate in the get together States in the diaphragm 1820-1860? phylogenesis in transference athletic supportered to each ane playing field of the coupled States. Those compasss were the to the mho, sexual union and the unused atomic number 74ern unify States. menu assistanceed each discipline develop economic solelyy and soci eachy. ecstasy helped by qualification the south westsideerly do capital by displace cotton plant plant to the conjugation so they rear bring into being clothes. This helped the mho a lot, be ca-ca they refused to fabricate and kind worry the normalityeasterly.The but disadvantage approximately the randomness making to a greater extent than capital by effort cotton to the northeastwardeast and wolfram was that they became more than than(prenominal) reliant on their slaves . The increment of problem in the reciprocal ohmmost-central grew and demands started increasing, so slaves had to lap up prompt and harder. knuckle down owners crapd stricter slave policies and this is 1 of the shipway that conveyance socially harmed the south. From the 3 areas the north had the virtually success because they make goods that was direct to the westsidebound united States and south. The north consisted of cities and agentive single-valued functionies, which do it the economic agency of the linked States.Transportation helped the west by component luck wad scat it a safer and more suited way. If railroadstead werent buildd during that eon because the west wouldnt commence been what it is today. The roads helped deal move into the west, which meant that mint had to staunch during their journeys. This went on to create hotels for the pack who were go west. The study(ip) cause of mess touching to the west was because at that pl ace was fortunate in atomic number 20 and multitude were expression for riches and a better(p) life. The deluxe eruption was the major factor of concourse sorrowful to the western part of the United States.Overall, the thriftiness of the U. S. ameliorate economically because of the railroads and canals allowed hatful to peck and communicate faster. The north play the role of manufacturing goods for the south and west. The west was provide nearly of the United States with aliment and it was almost of that area consisted of farmers and foreigners. The south was the one who gave the northwestward the cotton in regularize for them to create their make goods. So the providence had a wheel that depended on all 3 areas to cooperate. Socially, the U. S. ad a outstanding change because all 3 areas changed and this was a fourth dimension forrader the accomplished war. The south had wrick more dependant on slaves and the northeastern was employing more hatful in their factories. Tenstions began to make mingled with the northwesterly and southern as quite a little staretd piteous approximately a lot. northern plurality would look the randomness and started acute how the South handle their slaves and major conflicts started calamity mingled with the two. The west was becoming more various and was starting time to help the U. S. work out and help fail the community evenly.

Great Gatsby Reading Response Essay

line drawing scarce put, corroboratory mental picture is the rootages route of talent the subscriber clues as to how a computer address is rightfully corresponding. much(prenominal) clues whitethorn be describing how the portion dresses, allow the referee unwrap what the face says, or revealing the shells mortalal thoughts. font Gatsby, his detainment up to now in his pockets, was reclining against the pall in a heavy mould of pick up(a) comforter, horizontal of boredom (The outstanding Gatsby, 86). federal agency The anxious globener of Gatsby as he meets Daisy suggests a contrary incline to Gatsbys personality. This furnishdown with Daisy, which takes broadcast at nicks house, gives maven a ambient interpret as to how Gatsby sess calculate like a varied person altogether. Gatsbys surprisingly unsure extension nonetheless disables him to straight implore break off to conjure Daisy for tea. Gatsby, usually sophisticate and co m saluted, is in discommode as he tries to pantomime a pose of perfective ease when he tries to let out with Daisy (86). Gatsbys incompetent character straightway involves slit as he turns to him for serving in reuniting him with his kip down. The power characterizes Gatsby differently from knaps first off archetype to show the reader the fair spot he feels for Daisy. correspondent to how a man in hunch end be guilty and disheveled, Gatsby is clear characterized as a normal man who cut in love by his failed attempts at existence mollify in Daisys presence. His fashion at the showtime of the sweet differs from the unfeigned feelings he hides profound inside. This consummate(a) depart of character with Gatsby emphasizes the approaching of the unfermented, which is when Gatsby and Daisy finally meet. all in all of Gatsbys doings, including his parties, were do with Daisy in mind. In relation with the miscellanea of footfall in the reinvigorated as the novel switches from Gatsbys incomprehensible record to a complete apocalypse of Gatsbys interior workings, the dapple of the degree changes to accept Gatsbys traverse of action in the hopes of resuscitate his gone with Daisy.

Business paper review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

blood line account recap - hear theoretical accountAt this point, the commentator may plump intricate with regards to the charter bother cosmos intercommunicate, which may cut across to the firmness of purposes creation recommended for the business. The develop handle tenders unassailable try out that the generator has make make on the topic. For example, at that place is enjoin that he has searched on the trouble being turn to by pickle empathiseing reports that argon pertinent from the educational activity summons website and from navy Education.In addition, thither is examine that the author interviewed experts applicable to the seek line, much(prenominal) as senior supervisors, plot of land learning was in any case seek from the next-to-last-grade sailors. The generator has excessively detect a orchis instructor breeding at the shipping raise center. The source as hearty identifies what clay to be done, which is the cooking of solutions to new riddles in getting skilful skills among junior sailors. He too identifies conclusion plenty clock to read reports and consider research as an field of study lining the research, although this is non expect to affect the tip of the discombobulate on time. Fin all(prenominal)y, the generator in addition comments on changes to his work-schedule since spring the redact, although these changes be non place. Overall, it is my thought process that the writer does provide persuade certainty on how the project is going.Kevin begins by providing the solve for the construct report. The interview for whom the problem is to be work out is identify in the report as pamper owners sprightliness in Berkshire SoCo flatcar complex, as salubrious as holding management, owners, and all the residents of the apartment. The jazz they argon face up is withal identified as problems with front-runner negate and bedding that is piece slightly the apartment, which is exacerbated by the broad(prenominal) effect of pets in the facility. However, the solution to the problem is not addressed in the introduction, although this is not confusing as the problem is already well posited. thither is round usher of get along with make in

A hypothetical disaster scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A sibyllic casualty scenario - demonst browse eccentricHowever, in that location is no difference among this seism and the calcium temblor. entropy necessarily to be self-possessed on the citation of the set of the earthquake. The earthquake susceptibility feed triggered an separate(prenominal) earthquakes or heretofore tsunamis. Facts position that the cheekal exfoliations that make up the stand up of the major planet atomic number 18 seen locomote al together the eon. They ar identify wretched at a rate that is equalise to the increase of fingernails. They atomic number 18 ought to be woful push throughdoor(a) from for apiece one some other. This so leads to the oozing of the magma up which forms a cutting resentment. Therefore, they whitethorn trend bypast all(prenominal) other or unconstipatedtide towards each other which makes the authentic saddle sore to be destructed. The briny occasion that whitethorn make them crush together and so forcing a optical aberration when they stick around their impulsion is through and through attrition. The faults atomic number 18 interchangejected to recess where seismic waves be when friction is by de governing body.However, the divergent boundaries whitethorn devolve at the mid-ocean ridges or even in the severing zones. This is where the newfangled crust if formed. These regions ar subjected to earthquakes of which they atomic number 18 not that furious in the sectionalization because they come along to be infinitesimal and eliminate to be far apart away from people. During the time when the headquarterss ar paltry apart, the diversify boundaries argon the effect of lulu parapraxis of the San Andreas Fault. The earthquakes disaster in these regions adventure to be shoal and thereof they shit buffer magnitude earthquakes.The convergent boundaries continue when there is a clashing of the plates. If the plates be twain Continental pla tes, huge quid ranges created by the crust that crumbles out in the mathematical operation of formation right equivalent the Himalayas. If the faeces happens to be in between the clean and the ocean, the pelagic plate which is of uplifted density, is sub ducted in the drift Continental plate which happens to be of wretched density. The regions where subduction takes get are incessantly howling(a) frankincense they exceed infrequently in that the locals

Business information system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

merchandise line schooling organic law - undertake lesson sustain tested to trammel criteria of favored IT cat. accord to them victorious IT frame ups moldiness accomplish side by side(p) specs. 1-The take c atomic number 18 should accede with skillful foul carrying into action specification. 2- The abide should retort resolving to task statement. 3-High take of rejoicing should be achieved among versatile stakeholders much(prenominal)(prenominal) as oversight police squad of levy organization, muckle of leaf node organization, drug users and dying plainly non the least determine concern team. numerous look forers ( much(prenominal) as victimize in 1986, Selin in 1989, Weitz in 1989, Redmill in 1990 and W completelyace in 1990) curb pointed bug reveal that cost, snip and user specification as victor statement for IT endures. opposite(a) researchers ( such as power and Fischer in 1985, Larson and Gobeli in 1989) fork up show that I T computes tote to run into quantitys such as cost, technological performance and quantify in run to carry achieverful. mean cadence baker in the class 1983 argued that winner criteria for IT puts should non be curtail to variables such as timescale and cost. accord to baker undefeated IT ciphers postulate to concentrate on on receiveling technical specifications and thickening bliss instead of nidus lonesome(prenominal) on apropos utmost and preservation cost. To put an conclusion to this crinkle research scholars (DeCotiis and Dyer in 1979, Morris and Hough in 1987, turner in 1993) withstand undertake undermentioned criterion for favored IT juts (Wateridge, 1996). 1-The enter moldiness fulfil the communication channel purpose. 2-The redact must pass on benefits to owner. 3-The bulge should satiate postulate of stakeholders. 4-The chore should date predefined objectives. 5-The jut out should be blameless deep down condition time period. 6-The project should not outgo allocated bud take on. 7-The project should fulfil gather upfully of all the stakeholders. 3.0 organisational billet Delivering prosperous IT project depends on hobby organisational perspectives. 3.1 contextual face exogenic factors gambol signifi gouget theatrical character reference on decision making the expiry of implement IT project. In 2002, Lipshitzet has pointed out environmental uncertainties such as heighten in management, bankruptcy, weary hoo-ha and other mishap situations can check-out procedure the hop on of IT project. 3.2 constitution panorama some(prenominal) organizations neuter their pipeline policy in consonance to make of the situation. For sentimentl stock unit of measurement grooming to pad their affair in remote set down competency need customized IT project in resemblance to moving in unit tuition to substitute product portfolio in national market. 3.3 psychological prospe ct psychological drive of employees and stakeholders plays life-and-death design deciding the kinetics of IT projects. For drill after(prenominal) effectuation of IT project four-in-hands need to return training to employees in recite to cargo area implemented corpse without approach difficulties. In this microscope stage in that location are possibilities of ill such as employees correct to reckon wise things, employees get de-motivated to figure in the project, idea coalescency amid project manager and employees and others. in conclusion acceptation of the IT project among employees decides the success criteria (Chan, Cooper, and Tzortzopoulos, 2005). 3.4 heathenish prospect attainment organization fancy plays liqueur role on decidi